Experts On Air

¿Cuándo pasar de la HFOT a la intubación en la IRHA? Una decisión crítica

Seminario web 4

Preguntas y respuestas del seminario web 4

Muchos estudios observacionales han sugerido que el NHF evita la intubación. La impresión clínica se demostró de manera inequívoca en un ensayo aleatorio de gran tamaño (Frat JP, Thille AW, Mercat A, et al. High‑flow oxygen through nasal cannula in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(23):2185‑2196. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa15033261). En este estudio, los pacientes con mayor riesgo de intubación (es decir, aquellos con un valor de PaO2/FiO2 por debajo de 200) y que recibieron NHF fueron significativamente menos intubados que aquellos que recibieron NIV o la terapia de oxígeno convencional. Más recientemente, varios estudios realizados acerca del SDRA asociado a COVID han confirmado que el uso del NHF evita la intubación (COVID‑ICU group, para la red REVA, COVID‑ICU investigators. Benefits and risks of noninvasive oxygenation strategy in COVID‑19: a multicenter, prospective cohort study (COVID‑ICU) in 137 hospitals. Crit Care. 2021;25(1):421. Published 2021 Dec 8. doi:10.1186/s13054‑021‑03784‑22​, ​Ospina‑Tascón GA, Calderón‑Tapia LE, García AF, et al. Effect of High‑Flow Oxygen Therapy vs Conventional Oxygen Therapy on Invasive Mechanical Ventilation and Clinical Recovery in Patients With Severe COVID‑19: A Randomized Clinical Trial [la corrección publicada aparece en JAMA. 2022 Mar 15;327(11):1093]. JAMA. 2021;326(21):2161‑2171. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.207143).

Cabe destacar que los datos son menos concluyentes en pacientes con enfermedades hematológicas u oncológicas.
 

Si lo que se está preguntando es si es razonable iniciar el tratamiento con NHF y pasar después a la ventilación invasiva en pacientes mayores de 65 años, la respuesta es «sí». No obstante, se debe informar a los pacientes y a la familia de que el pronóstico es mucho menos favorable que en pacientes de menos edad. En mi opinión, la intubación debe analizarse de forma individual por encima de los 70 o 75 años, dependiendo de la presencia de enfermedades concomitantes y de la forma física del paciente antes del contagio por COVID.

Sí, por al menos dos razones. En primer lugar, aunque a nivel de cohorte existe una relación entre la importancia de la afectación pulmonar y el resultado, a nivel individual, a veces hemos tenido una recuperación muy rápida a pesar de una evaluación radiológica inicial desfavorable. En segundo lugar, también influye el fenotipo radiológico (teníamos la impresión de que el vidrio deslustrado muy difuso implicaba menos «gravedad» que la presencia de solidificaciones). Por último, aunque el paciente tenga un alto riesgo de intubación, se puede iniciar la terapia con NHF, que ayudará a preoxigenar al paciente y servirá como oxigenación apneica durante la laringoscopia.  

Todavía no tengo experiencia personal con un flujo de 100 l/min. Mi opinión es que, dado que existe una relación lineal entre el flujo y la presión positiva y el lavado del espacio muerto, podemos deducir que los efectos beneficiosos del NHF son más significativos con un flujo de 100 l/min que de 60 l/min. Evidentemente, la cuestión de la tolerancia es clave. Necesitamos más datos sobre la tolerancia de estos flujos tan elevados.

Es una cuestión muy amplia, a la que se han dedicado conferencias de consenso enteras. Hay que tener en cuenta algunos datos: 1) no existe una prueba o un grupo de parámetros 100 % seguros que predigan una extubación segura; 2) la reintubación se producirá entre el 10 % y el 20 % de los pacientes; 3) la extubación no planificada no conduce sistemáticamente a la reintubación (solo en un 40 % aproximadamente). Eso significa que los médicos debemos ser muy humildes en cuanto a nuestra capacidad para predecir el resultado de la extubación. Debe realizarse siempre una prueba con la pieza en T o una prueba de respiración espontánea con presión de soporte mínima. ¿Cuándo hay que iniciar estas pruebas? Tras la resolución parcial o completa de la causa que llevó a la intubación. Estabilidad hemodinámica sin vasopresores, FiO2 inferior al 40 %, PEEP inferior a 5, sin o con poca discapacidad neurológica y cognitiva, tos adecuada, sin debilidad muscular o poca. 

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High‑flow oxygen through nasal cannula in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure.

Frat JP, Thille AW, Mercat A, et al. High‑flow oxygen through nasal cannula in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(23):2185‑2196. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1503326



BACKGROUND

Whether noninvasive ventilation should be administered in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure is debated. Therapy with high‑flow oxygen through a nasal cannula may offer an alternative in patients with hypoxemia.

METHODS

We performed a multicenter, open-label trial in which we randomly assigned patients without hypercapnia who had acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and a ratio of the partial pressure of arterial oxygen to the fraction of inspired oxygen of 300 mm Hg or less to high-flow oxygen therapy, standard oxygen therapy delivered through a face mask, or noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients intubated at day 28; secondary outcomes included all-cause mortality in the intensive care unit and at 90 days and the number of ventilator-free days at day 28.

RESULTS

A total of 310 patients were included in the analyses. The intubation rate (primary outcome) was 38% (40 of 106 patients) in the high-flow-oxygen group, 47% (44 of 94) in the standard group, and 50% (55 of 110) in the noninvasive-ventilation group (P=0.18 for all comparisons). The number of ventilator-free days at day 28 was significantly higher in the high-flow-oxygen group (24±8 days, vs. 22±10 in the standard-oxygen group and 19±12 in the noninvasive-ventilation group; P=0.02 for all comparisons). The hazard ratio for death at 90 days was 2.01 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01 to 3.99) with standard oxygen versus high-flow oxygen (P=0.046) and 2.50 (95% CI, 1.31 to 4.78) with noninvasive ventilation versus high-flow oxygen (P=0.006).

CONCLUSIONS

In patients with nonhypercapnic acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, treatment with high-flow oxygen, standard oxygen, or noninvasive ventilation did not result in significantly different intubation rates. There was a significant difference in favor of high-flow oxygen in 90-day mortality. (Funded by the Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique Interrégional 2010 of the French Ministry of Health; FLORALI ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01320384.).

Benefits and risks of noninvasive oxygenation strategy in COVID‑19: a multicenter, prospective cohort study (COVID‑ICU) in 137 hospitals.

COVID‑ICU group, for the REVA network, COVID‑ICU investigators. Benefits and risks of noninvasive oxygenation strategy in COVID‑19: a multicenter, prospective cohort study (COVID‑ICU) in 137 hospitals. Crit Care. 2021;25(1):421. Published 2021 Dec 8. doi:10.1186/s13054‑021‑03784‑2



RATIONAL

To evaluate the respective impact of standard oxygen, high‑flow nasal cannula (HFNC) and noninvasive ventilation (NIV) on oxygenation failure rate and mortality in COVID‑19 patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs).

METHODS

Multicenter, prospective cohort study (COVID-ICU) in 137 hospitals in France, Belgium, and Switzerland. Demographic, clinical, respiratory support, oxygenation failure, and survival data were collected. Oxygenation failure was defined as either intubation or death in the ICU without intubation. Variables independently associated with oxygenation failure and Day-90 mortality were assessed using multivariate logistic regression.

RESULTS

From February 25 to May 4, 2020, 4754 patients were admitted in ICU. Of these, 1491 patients were not intubated on the day of ICU admission and received standard oxygen therapy (51%), HFNC (38%), or NIV (11%) (P < 0.001). Oxygenation failure occurred in 739 (50%) patients (678 intubation and 61 death). For standard oxygen, HFNC, and NIV, oxygenation failure rate was 49%, 48%, and 60% (P < 0.001). By multivariate analysis, HFNC (odds ratio [OR] 0.60, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.36-0.99, P = 0.013) but not NIV (OR 1.57, 95% CI 0.78-3.21) was associated with a reduction in oxygenation failure). Overall 90-day mortality was 21%. By multivariable analysis, HFNC was not associated with a change in mortality (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.61-1.33), while NIV was associated with increased mortality (OR 2.75, 95% CI 1.79-4.21, P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

In patients with COVID-19, HFNC was associated with a reduction in oxygenation failure without improvement in 90-day mortality, whereas NIV was associated with a higher mortality in these patients. Randomized controlled trials are needed.

Effect of High‑Flow Oxygen Therapy vs Conventional Oxygen Therapy on Invasive Mechanical Ventilation and Clinical Recovery in Patients With Severe COVID‑19: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Ospina‑Tascón GA, Calderón‑Tapia LE, García AF, et al. Effect of High‑Flow Oxygen Therapy vs Conventional Oxygen Therapy on Invasive Mechanical Ventilation and Clinical Recovery in Patients With Severe COVID‑19: A Randomized Clinical Trial [published correction appears in JAMA. 2022 Mar 15;327(11):1093]. JAMA. 2021;326(21):2161‑2171. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.20714



IMPORTANCE

The effect of high‑flow oxygen therapy vs conventional oxygen therapy has not been established in the setting of severe COVID‑19.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the effect of high-flow oxygen therapy through a nasal cannula compared with conventional oxygen therapy on need for endotracheal intubation and clinical recovery in severe COVID-19.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS

Randomized, open-label clinical trial conducted in emergency and intensive care units in 3 hospitals in Colombia. A total of 220 adults with respiratory distress and a ratio of partial pressure of arterial oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen of less than 200 due to COVID-19 were randomized from August 2020 to January 2021, with last follow-up on February 10, 2021.

INTERVENTIONS

Patients were randomly assigned to receive high-flow oxygen through a nasal cannula (n = 109) or conventional oxygen therapy (n = 111).

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES

The co-primary outcomes were need for intubation and time to clinical recovery until day 28 as assessed by a 7-category ordinal scale (range, 1-7, with higher scores indicating a worse condition). Effects of treatments were calculated with a Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for hypoxemia severity, age, and comorbidities.

RESULTS

Among 220 randomized patients, 199 were included in the analysis (median age, 60 years; n = 65 women [32.7%]). Intubation occurred in 34 (34.3%) randomized to high-flow oxygen therapy and in 51 (51.0%) randomized to conventional oxygen therapy (hazard ratio, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.39-0.96; P = .03). The median time to clinical recovery within 28 days was 11 (IQR, 9-14) days in patients randomized to high-flow oxygen therapy vs 14 (IQR, 11-19) days in those randomized to conventional oxygen therapy (hazard ratio, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.00-1.92; P = .047). Suspected bacterial pneumonia occurred in 13 patients (13.1%) randomized to high-flow oxygen and in 17 (17.0%) of those randomized to conventional oxygen therapy, while bacteremia was detected in 7 (7.1%) vs 11 (11.0%), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

Among patients with severe COVID-19, use of high-flow oxygen through a nasal cannula significantly decreased need for mechanical ventilation support and time to clinical recovery compared with conventional low-flow oxygen therapy.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04609462.