Experts on Air

HFOT para além da UTI

Webinar n.º 6

Q&A Webinar n.º 6.

Em minha UTI, realizamos alto fluxo nasal em pacientes com COVID‑19 durante todos os surtos consecutivos em salas sem pressão negativa, sem que houvesse contaminação da equipe. Portanto, a resposta, em minha opinião, é sim, o alto fluxo nasal pode ser realizado em uma sala sem pressão negativa, desde que a equipe esteja devidamente equipada com EPI.

(Nota do editor: Esta pergunta foi interpretada como "Que parâmetros de segurança devem ser observados ao usar HFOT fora da UTI?"). Não existe uma resposta definitiva a esta pergunta, pois depende da distância em que o alto fluxo nasal é realizado relativamente à UTI, do treinamento da equipe para realizar e monitorar o alto fluxo nasal em pacientes com insuficiência respiratória aguda, se estes pacientes terão ou não uma medição contínua de SpO2, etc. Tendo isto em conta, acredito que FiO2 deve ser limitada, e não exceder os 60%; SpO2 não deve ser inferior a 92‑94%; a frequência respiratória não deve ser superior a 25‑28. Se os pacientes estiverem fora de algum destes alvos, um médico da UTI deve ser chamado para os avaliar.  

Pessoalmente, não tenho dados ou experiência sobre essa questão. Em minha opinião, se não houver a possibilidade de fornecimento elétrico, será problemático não ter qualquer tipo de umidificação. Se uma bateria externa estiver disponível e cobrir todo o tempo de voo, então não vejo motivos "técnicos" para que esse dispositivo não possa ser operado durante o voo de helicóptero  (Nota do editor: De acordo com nosso conhecimento, não existe atualmente qualquer dispositivo de umidificação aprovado para transporte.)

O índice ROX foi estabelecido e validado em pacientes adultos (acima dos 18 anos) com insuficiência respiratória hipoxêmica aguda relacionada à pneumonia. Faz sentido aplicá‑lo a pacientes mais jovens, cujas características fisiológicas sejam semelhantes às dos pacientes adultos. Tenho conhecimento de pelo menos uma publicação em que a classificação ROX foi estabelecida em uma população pediátrica: Yildizdas D, Yontem A, Iplik G, Horoz OO, Ekinci F. Predicting nasal high-flow therapy failure by pediatric respiratory rate-oxygenation index and pediatric respiratory rate-oxygenation index variation in children. Eur J Pediatr. 2021;180(4):1099-1106. doi:10.1007/s00431-020-03847-61​.

Vários estudos demonstram que o uso de alto fluxo nasal reduziu a taxa de intubação em crianças internadas por insuficiência respiratória devido a bronquiolites: Franklin D, Babl FE, Schlapbach LJ, et al. A Randomized Trial of High‑Flow Oxygen Therapy in Infants with Bronchiolitis. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(12):1121‑1131. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa17148552​ and Schibler A, Pham TM, Dunster KR, et al. Reduced intubation rates for infants after introduction of high‑flow nasal prong oxygen delivery. Intensive Care Med. 2011;37(5):847‑852. doi:10.1007/s00134‑011‑2177‑53​.

Não existem dados semelhantes para pacientes adultos, muito provavelmente porque a situação clínica da bronquiolite em adultos está menos definida e, por conseguinte, muito menos frequente.

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Predicting nasal high‑flow therapy failure by pediatric respiratory rate‑oxygenation index and pediatric respiratory rate‑oxygenation index variation in children.

Yildizdas D, Yontem A, Iplik G, Horoz OO, Ekinci F. Predicting nasal high‑flow therapy failure by pediatric respiratory rate‑oxygenation index and pediatric respiratory rate‑oxygenation index variation in children. Eur J Pediatr. 2021;180(4):1099‑1106. doi:10.1007/s00431‑020‑03847‑6

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate whether pediatric respiratory rate‑oxygenation index (p‑ROXI) and variation in p‑ROXI (p‑ROXV) can serve as objective markers in children with high‑flow nasal cannula (HFNC) failure. In this prospective, single‑center observational study, all patients who received HFNC therapy in the general pediatrics ward, pediatric intensive care unit, and the pediatric emergency department were included. High‑flow nasal cannula success was achieved for 116 (88.5%) patients. At 24 h, if both p‑ROXI and p‑ROXV values were above the cutoff point (≥ 66.7 and ≥ 24.0, respectively), HFNC failure was 1.9% and 40.6% if both were below their values (p < 0.001). At 48 h of HFNC initiation, if both p‑ROXI and p‑ROXV values were above the cutoff point (≥ 65.1 and ≥ 24.6, respectively), HFNC failure was 0.0%; if both were below these values, HFNC failure was 100% (p < 0.001).Conclusion: We observed that these parameters can be used as good markers in pediatric clinics to predict the risk of HFNC failure in patients with acute respiratory failure. What is Known: • Optimal timing for transitions between invasive and noninvasive ventilation strategies is of significant importance. • The complexity of data requires an objective marker that can be evaluated quickly and easily at the patient's bedside for predicting HFNC failure in children with acute respiratory failure. What is New: • Our data showed that combining p‑ROXI and p‑ROXV can be successful in predicting HFNC failure at 24 and 48 h of therapy.

A Randomized Trial of High‑Flow Oxygen Therapy in Infants with Bronchiolitis.

Franklin D, Babl FE, Schlapbach LJ, et al. A Randomized Trial of High‑Flow Oxygen Therapy in Infants with Bronchiolitis. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(12):1121‑1131. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1714855



BACKGROUND

High‑flow oxygen therapy through a nasal cannula has been increasingly used in infants with bronchiolitis, despite limited high‑quality evidence of its efficacy. The efficacy of high‑flow oxygen therapy through a nasal cannula in settings other than intensive care units (ICUs) is unclear.

METHODS

In this multicenter, randomized, controlled trial, we assigned infants younger than 12 months of age who had bronchiolitis and a need for supplemental oxygen therapy to receive either high-flow oxygen therapy (high-flow group) or standard oxygen therapy (standard-therapy group). Infants in the standard-therapy group could receive rescue high-flow oxygen therapy if their condition met criteria for treatment failure. The primary outcome was escalation of care due to treatment failure (defined as meeting ≥3 of 4 clinical criteria: persistent tachycardia, tachypnea, hypoxemia, and medical review triggered by a hospital early-warning tool). Secondary outcomes included duration of hospital stay, duration of oxygen therapy, and rates of transfer to a tertiary hospital, ICU admission, intubation, and adverse events.

RESULTS

The analyses included 1472 patients. The percentage of infants receiving escalation of care was 12% (87 of 739 infants) in the high-flow group, as compared with 23% (167 of 733) in the standard-therapy group (risk difference, -11 percentage points; 95% confidence interval, -15 to -7; P<0.001). No significant differences were observed in the duration of hospital stay or the duration of oxygen therapy. In each group, one case of pneumothorax (<1% of infants) occurred. Among the 167 infants in the standard-therapy group who had treatment failure, 102 (61%) had a response to high-flow rescue therapy.

CONCLUSIONS

Among infants with bronchiolitis who were treated outside an ICU, those who received high-flow oxygen therapy had significantly lower rates of escalation of care due to treatment failure than those in the group that received standard oxygen therapy. (Funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council and others; Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry number, ACTRN12613000388718 .).

Reduced intubation rates for infants after introduction of high‑flow nasal prong oxygen delivery.

Schibler A, Pham TM, Dunster KR, et al. Reduced intubation rates for infants after introduction of high‑flow nasal prong oxygen delivery. Intensive Care Med. 2011;37(5):847‑852. doi:10.1007/s00134‑011‑2177‑5



PURPOSE

To describe the change in ventilatory practice in a tertiary paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) in the 5‑year period after the introduction of high‑flow nasal prong (HFNP) therapy in infants <24 months of age. Additionally, to identify the patient subgroups on HFNP requiring escalation of therapy to either other non‑invasive or invasive ventilation, and to identify any adverse events associated with HFNP therapy.

METHODS

The study was a retrospective chart review of infants <24 months of age admitted to our PICU for HFNP therapy. Data was also extracted from both the local database and the Australian New Zealand paediatric intensive care (ANZPIC) registry for all infants admitted with bronchiolitis.

RESULTS

Between January 2005 and December 2009, a total of 298 infants <24 months of age received HFNP therapy. Overall, 36 infants (12%) required escalation to invasive ventilation. In the subgroup with a primary diagnosis of viral bronchiolitis (n = 167, 56%), only 6 (4%) required escalation to invasive ventilation. The rate of intubation in infants with viral bronchiolitis reduced from 37% to 7% over the observation period corresponding with an increase in the use of HFNP therapy. No adverse events were identified with the use of HFNP therapy.

CONCLUSION

HFNP therapy has dramatically changed ventilatory practice in infants <24 months of age in our institution, and appears to reduce the need for intubation in infants with viral bronchiolitis.